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From the Raspberry Pi page on Wikipedia:
The Raspberry Pi and Arduino both contain microprocessors, the actual Central Processing Unit (CPU) integrated circuit chips that perform the execution of software code. The Raspberry Pi is a microcomputer, whereas the Arduino is a microcontroller ( AKA Microcontroller Unit or MCU). The Raspberry Pi microcomputer has a full Linux-like operating system (OS); the Arduino generally runs a single program.
The distinctions between microprocessors and microcontrollers can get a bit blurry, since in practice they can often perform similar tasks. But you can think of a Raspberry Pi as almost the same as a desktop computer, without the peripherals. Indeed, some people have outfitted their Pis with keyboards, mice, large screen monitors, and use them for everyday computing tasks.
The Raspberry Pi has several interfaces, the 40 pin GPIO, the 2 pin I2C and the SPI serial interfaces.
Here's a recipe for how to blink an LED on the Raspberry Pi.
The KR01 robot uses a Raspberry Pi 3 B+, the KRZ01 robot uses a Raspberry Pi Zero W.
On the 21st of January, 2021, the Raspberry Pi Foundation released its own microcontroller board called the Raspberry Pi Pico. Despite its name it's not a Single Board Computer (SBC) like the Raspberry Pi, uses a different CPU chipset (designed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation), and is significantly cheaper than any Pi at US$4.
See: Raspberry Pi OS